Collecting Stars on Stamps — Astronomy for the beclouded astronomer (Page 2)

I Discover Stars on Stamps

Four decades ago, I learned that stars, constellations, galaxies, comets, asteroids, the solar system, the sun, solar eclipses, planets and their moons, Earth’s Moon, lunar eclipses, aurora, astronomers, observatories, telescopes and what I call “astromythology” have been featured or soon will be featured on many postage stamps issued by countries around the world.

Philately 101: A cover is an envelope that has travelled through the mail; its stamps, postmarks, and addresses turn it into a small piece of postal history. A first-day cover (FDC) is a used envelope that bears a new stamp cancelled on its day of issue, often with a themed illustration called a “cachet.” A souvenir sheet is a small sheet of one or more stamps set in a decorative border, produced mainly for collectors to mark a special event.

So far I have collected several hundred astronomy-related stamps and a couple of dozen picture postcards, covers, first-day covers or FDCs, and souvenir sheets. People who haven’t been infected with the philatelic bug know what picture postcards are, but the other terms may need a little explanation. See the sidebar at the right.

Below are examples of a cover, a first-day cover, and a souvenir sheet:

Above left, the postage paid for this ordinary envelope or cover includes a Hong Kong stamp commemorating the 1986 return of Halley’s Comet; above centre, a 1963 first-day cover or FDC with a decorative illustration or cachet commemorating the radio observatory at Nançay, France; above right, a British souvenir sheet picturing two planetary nebulae and two Seyfert galaxies, issued in 2002, and including a quotation, “All matter, all energy, is nature and all nature begins with stars. We are star stuff.” (Colin Sutherhill, The Blue Bang Theory: New Nature Poetry, 1997). ~ Bob Ingraham collection

Two other types of philatelic collectibles appear in Stars on Stamps — postcards and postal cards, and yes, there is a difference. Postcards are commercially produced cards for sending a message by post without an envelope, typically having a photograph or other illustration on one side. Postal cards are part of the class of officially produced postal stationery that includes imprinted stamps signifying the prepayment of postage but do not typically feature illustrations. Below are examples of a postal stationery card and an astronomy-related picture postcard:

Front and cropped back of a 1958 Harvard College Observatory announcement card, mailed by airmail to Montevideo, Uruguay, giving astronomers the predicted path of Comet Burnham; and a picture postcard of Lick Observatory. ~ Bob Ingraham collection

Stars on Stamps could contain thousands of stamps and other philatelic collectibles, but my collecting policies and my allowance restrict me to buying items that appeal to me. Most of my collection consists of stamps.

A small sample of worldwide “Stars on Stamps” from my collection. All of the ones shown are inexpensive and readily available. ~ Bob Ingraham collection

Observatories on stamps

Palomar Observatory was the subject of a U.S. stamp issued in 1948.

In August 1948, the U.S. Post Office Department issued a stamp commemorating Palomar Observatory, among the best-known observatories in the world. It’s not the iconic dome that makes Palomar important, but the 200-inch Hale Telescope inside it, the world’s largest telescope for 27 years. Overshadowed today by newer giants on the ground and in space, the Hale telescope, fitted with modern digital instruments, is still charting new frontiers in the Universe.

The first stamp to feature an astronomical subject

The first country to issue a stamp featuring an astronomical subject was Brazil. Its definitive issue of 1887 featured the constellation Crux Australis or the Southern Cross, often referred to simply as Crux. It’s no surprise that a devoutly Roman Catholic country like Brazil would choose to represent the Christian cross on a stamp. It is surprising that its representation of Crux is scientifically accurate: it includes the constellation’s “fifth” star, Epsilon Crucis. I am not aware of any other stamps that represent the Southern Cross in that manner.

An astrophoto of the constellation Southern Cross (centre), bracketed by stamps featuring the Southern Cross, clearly shows its “fifth” star, Epsilon Crucis, set off to the right of centre. The stamp at the left is the first stamp to feature a scientifically accurate astronomical image. At the right, an early New South Wales stamp features an unscientific representation of the Southern Cross, without Epsilon Crucis. ~ Astrophoto courtesy of @NASkies

At the top, a 1929 Brazilian stamp, commemorating the Fourth Pan-American Congress of Architects, features the Southern Cross, showing Epsilon Crucis on the left side of the cross. Below, a drawing of an armillary sphere. ~ Stamp from Bob Ingraham’s collection; armillary sphere image courtesy of Wikipedia

Epsilon Crucis, called Intrometida in Portuguese (translated in English as “Intrusive”) is a fourth magnitude¹ orange giant about 228 light-years from Earth. Along with the four stars that give the Southern Cross its shape, Epsilon Crucis is easily visible from the southern hemisphere at practically any time of year; from tropical latitudes of the northern hemisphere, it appears near the horizon for a few hours every night during the northern winter and spring.

I have about 25 stamps featuring the Southern Cross as the primary design element, and more than half of them show Epsilon Crucis to the right of the cross rather than the left, like the Brazilian stamp, but the Brazilian stamp is not in error.

The design is based on the armillary sphere, an ancient navigational instrument credited to the Greek astronomer Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE). The name comes from the Latin armilla ("bracelet"), reflecting its construction of graduated metal circles representing the equator, ecliptic, meridians, and parallels, with a ball at the centre standing for the Earth (or later, the Sun). Before the telescope arrived in the 17th century, it was astronomers' primary tool for tracking celestial positions. Like a solid celestial globe, an armillary sphere shows the sky as if viewed from outside — reversed from our earthbound perspective.

Curiously, the armillary sphere has an ancient, metaphysical analogue in the beliefs of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who lived in the 4th century BCE. Aristotle was among the most influential philosophers of the ancient world. Among his best-known and most enduring beliefs was that the heavens were changeless, while everything “below the Moon” was in constant flux: Storms, tides, seasons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and life and death itself proved his point. But how about “above the Moon”? How did Aristotle explain what he and everyone else could see in a clear, night sky?

Aristotle believed that the Earth sat motionless at the centre of a finite universe, surrounded by some 55 invisible, nested spheres that carried the Moon, the Sun, the planets, and the stars around it. Any changes that seemed to occur were explained by the changing relationships between the spheres themselves or between people on the Earth and the spheres. For nearly 2,000 years, because most rational people irrationally accepted Aristotle’s beliefs, they fell into the trap of believing that what they saw in the night sky was what their ancient ancestors had seen and what their remote descendants would see.

Despite Aristotle’s erroneous beliefs in the nature of the Universe, he had a profound influence of Western thought, more influence perhaps than in his own day! A quick search on-line for books by and about Aristotle and Aristotelean thought and philosophy reveals hundreds, perhaps thousands, of titles. A sampling:

On the Heavens — A Foundational Work on Cosmology, the Universe, and the Nature of the Physical World, by Aristotle

Aristotle’s Philosophy for Teens: A Young Reader’s Guide to Logic, Ethics, Nature, Politics, and the Good Life, by Maximilian Montgomery

Aristotle’s Revenge: The Metaphysical Foundations of Physical and Biological Science, by Edward Feser

And if you’re in need of philosophy, and perhaps concerned about your mental health (and who isn’t, these days?!), you can buy a coffee mug inscribed with this Aristotelean thought for the day: “No great mind has ever existed without a touch of madness.” (“Κανένα μεγάλο πνεύμα δεν υπήρξε ποτέ χωρίς μια δόση τρέλας.”)

In 2016, the Greek Post Office — officially Hellenic Post — issued a commemorative set of stamps on the occasion of the Aristotle 2400 Years world congress in Thessaloniki. During the convention, 250 experts from 40 countries who exchanged their views and research on the Aristotle’s influence on human thought. The year 2016 was designated “Aristotle Anniversary Year” by UNESCO.

A set of stamps issued by Greece in 2016 commemorates the 2,400th anniversary of the birth of the Greek philosopher Aristotle in 384 BCE. ~ Bob Ingraham collection

Two of the three stamps shown above place Aristotle (ΑΡΙΣΤΟΤΕΛΗΣ) in distinguished company, Alexander the Great (ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ) in the background of the stamp in the centre, and Plato (ΠΛΑΤΩΝ) in the background of the stamp at the right. In 343 BCE, King Philip II of Macedon hired Aristotle to tutor his 13-year-old son, Alexander, who would conquer most of the known world and become known as Alexander the Great. Plato taught Aristotle at his Academy in Athens for some twenty years, from the time Aristotle was 17. Words in Greek on the borders of each stamp name subjects that Aristotle wrote about: ΟΡΓΑΝΟΝ (logic), ΦΥΣΙΚΑ (physics), ΒΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΑ (biology), ΨΥΧΟΛΟΓΙΑ (psychology), ΗΘΙΚΑ (ethics), ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΑ (politics), and ΤΕΧΝΙΚΑ (the arts). At the bottom, ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑ is Greece’s formal name, the Hellenic Republic.

Aristotle was wrong — the stars move!

Aristotle, because he had both curiosity and a scientific bent, probably would have appreciated astronomer Edmond Halley’s 1718 discovery that stars are not fixed in place. They move. They move at speeds, distances, and directions that boggle even the modern mind. The Southern Cross constellation is a good case in point. Because the Earth's axis slowly wobbles, in a motion called precession, the whole sky shifts over the centuries. In ancient times the Southern Cross rose above the Mediterranean horizon, and Ptolemy catalogued its stars from Alexandria. Precession then hid it from European eyes until navigators rediscovered it in the 1500s. But precession is a purely earthbound process that has no effect on anything else in the Universe. What those 16th-century navigators didn’t know, and no one else knew either, was that every star in the night sky is subject to a process that astronomers call “proper motion,” meaning that every star is constantly on the move in its own direction and velocity, and is thus changing its relationship to every other star. Human lifetimes are simply too short for anyone but astronomers to notice. Think of what that might once have meant to people looking in wonder at the night sky.

If you had lived on the south coast of modern-day South Africa 100,000 years ago, you would have been one of the earliest members of our own species, Homo sapiens, no less intelligent and curious than we are. Gazing at the night sky, you would have seen the five stars that now make up the Southern Cross, but you would have paid little attention to them, because they would have looked nothing like a cross — and the cross wouldn’t become a common symbol of Christianity until the 4th century CE.

Over the next 100,000 years, proper motion would slowly move the stars that now make up the Southern Cross into the positions that we currently see. In the far distant future, proper motion will have slowly moved, sheared, bent, stretched and distorted the Southern Cross so much that it will no longer exist as a cross or any particular shape.

Among the discoveries of modern astronomy is the “proper motion” of stars. Stars are not fixed at single points in interstellar space. Instead, they move at different speeds and directions relative to other stars. These drawings, based on current rates of motion, not to scale, and created for illustrative purposes only, show how proper motion will eventually distort the Southern Cross so much that it will no longer resemble…anything! The red arrows show the direction and extent of the stars' movements. ~ Diagrams and labelling by Claude AI and Bob Ingraham